Browsing by Author "Ngaiza, A. I"

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Immunohistochemical expression of P53 protein in nephroblastoma: a predictor of unfavorable prognosis
(Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute, 2023) Morgan, E. D; Yahaya, J. J; Ngaiza, A. I; Othieno, E; Livex, O. A
Objective Immunohistochemical expression of P53 protein is so closely related to status of mutation of P53 gene which is tightly linked with pathogenesis of nephroblastoma or Wilms tumor. This study aims to determine the immunohistochemical expression of P53 protein and its predictors in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of patients with nephroblastoma. Materials and methods A series of 83 histologically diagnosed cases of nephroblastoma from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks archived at the Department of Pathology, Makerere University, in Kampala, Uganda, were analyzed. Monoclonal anti-p53 antibody (DO-7, DAKO) was used to assess the expression of P53 protein expression. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors of P53 protein immunohistochemical expression, and statistical significance was considered when p-value was less than 0.05. Results: Most (42.2%, n = 35) of the cases were in advanced tumor stages (III–V), and almost one-quarter (21.7%, n = 18) of the cases were in high-risk group. The immunohistochemical expression of P53 protein was (8.4%, n = 7), and there were more (83.3%, n = 5) positive anaplastic cases for P53 protein compared with (2.6%, n = 2) of P53 expression for non-anaplastic cases. High risk (AOR = 3.42, 95% CI = 7.91–12.55, p = 0.037) and anaplasia (AOR = 1.41, 95% CI = 13.85–4.46, p = 0.001) were potential predictors of immunohistochemical expression of P53 protein. Conclusion: Most of patients with nephroblastoma in resources-limited settings are diagnosed with advanced clinical stages. Association of P53 protein with anaplasia found in this study indicates the possibility of having novel target therapy for treatment of patients with anaplastic form of nephroblastoma with a focus of identifying molecules that lead to its suppression in such subpopulations of patients with nephroblastoma.
Invasive ductal carcinoma of breast in a 73-year old male: A rare case report and literature review
(International Journal of Surgery Case Reports, 2023) Yahaya, J. J; Ngaiza, A. I; Morgan, E. D; Abraham, Z. S; Othieno, E
Introduction and importance: Male breast cancers despite being similar to female breast cancers in various aspects; however, they have important distinctive characteristics such as molecular biology, increased tendency for axillary lymph node metastasis and late age at presentation. Presentation of case: We present the case of a 73-year old indigenous African male who had a 3-year history of right breast swelling which was associated with episodes of pain and tenderness. The assigned clinical stage for the patient was T2aNoMo. The mass was histologically confirmed to be invasive ductal carcinoma, not specified type (NST) without axillary lymph node involvement or distant metastasis. Immunohistochemistry also showed positive results for ER and PR hormonal receptors but negative for HER2. Clinical discussion: Considering the rarity nature of male breast cancers, this contributes to lack of evidence of the specific treatment approaches despite the noticeable difference in clinical presentation and even biological characteristics of male breast cancers, which are more likely to contribute to poor prognosis. Conclusion: The prevalence of male breast cancers has been reported to be less than 1 % of all male cancers. This contributes to the lack of analytical large studies that address the comprehensive data regarding the clinical outcomes of breast cancer among men and their predictors. Therefore, having prospective multicenter studies in future would help in providing high level of evidence on prognosis.
Poor glycemic control and associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross‑sectional study
(Scientific Reports, 2023) Yahaya, J. J; Doya, I. F; Morgan, E. D; Ngaiza, A. I; Bintabara, D
Glycemic control is of paramount importance in care and management for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Poor glycemic control is a major health problem that greatly contributes to the development of diabetes related complications. This study aims to assess the prevalence of poor glycemic control and associated factors among outpatients with T2DM attending diabetes clinic at Amana Regional Referral Hospital in Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania from December 2021 to September 2022. A face to face interviewer semi-structured questionnaire was administered during data collection. Binary logistic regression under multivariable analysis was used to determine the independent predictors of poor glycemic control. A total of 248 patients with T2DM were included in the analysis with mean age of 59.8 ± 12.1 years. The mean fasting blood glucose was 166.9 ± 60.8 mg/dL. The prevalence of poor glycemic control was 66.1% (fasting blood glucose > 130 mg/dL or < 70 mg/dL). Failure to adhere to regular follow-up (AOR = 7.53, 95% CI = 2.34–19.73, p < 0.001) and alcoholism (AOR = 4.71, 95% CI = 1.08–20.59, p = 0.040) were the independent predictors of poor glycemic control. The prevalence of poor glycemic control observed in this study was significantly high. Emphasis should be placed on ensuring that patients have regular follow-up for their diabetes clinics and they should also continue modifying some of lifestyle behaviors including refraining from alcoholism, this can help them to have good glycemic control.
Predictors of recurrence and disease‑free survival for salivary gland tumors among children and young adults in Kampala, Uganda: a retrospective follow‑up study
(The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology, 2023) Vuhahula, E. A; Yahaya, J. J; Ngaiza, A. I; Morgan, E. D; Abraham, Z. S
Background: Salivary gland tumors are a group of tumors which are highly heterogeneous, and they are uncommon among children and young adults. We aimed to investigate the predictors of recurrence and disease-free survival for salivary gland tumors among children and young adults. Methods: We retrospectively extracted clinical, pathologic, and follow-up data of patients who were diagnosed histologically with salivary gland tumors from January 2013 to December 2018 at the department of pathology, Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. Then, we applied Cox regression analysis to determine the predictors of disease-free survival using hazard ratio as the measure of probability of the survival with 95% confidence interval. We also used Kaplan–Meier curves to analyze the disease-free survival. P ˂ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 144 patients with salivary gland tumors were included in the present study who were aged not more than 20 years with mean age of 13.9 ± 4.5 years. Over one quarter (26.4%, n = 38) of the salivary gland tumors that were analyzed in the present study were malignant. The prevalence of recurrence was (27.1%, n = 39), and the mean disease-free survival was 58.7 ± 1.9 months. Category of the salivary gland (AHR = 1.36, 95% CI = 0.137–0.942, p = 0.037) and behavior of the tumors (AHR = 1.82, 95% CI = 0.729–0.990, p = 0.023) were the potential predictors of disease-free survival. Conclusion: Over one quarter of the patients had malignant salivary tumors, and also, one-third of the patients developed recurrence at the end of the follow-up period of 6 years. Involvement of minor salivary glands and having a malignant salivary gland tumor both have shown increased risk of recurrence as well as short disease-free survival. Therefore, patients with minor salivary gland involvement and those with malignant variants require optimal surgical resection of the tumors for possible prevention of early recurrence and increasing the survival of the patients without relapse of such tumors after initial resection of the primary lesions.