Collaborative approaches to open knowledge in Africa: A Systematic review of present realities and innovation

Abstract

Background: Open Knowledge (OK) initiatives have the potential to democratize access to research, educational resources, and public data, thereby promoting innovation, evidence-based decision-making, and sustainable development in Africa. However, fragmented knowledge systems, unequal information access, and weak intra-African collaboration continue to limit their impact. Purpose: This study examined how collaborative approaches to OK contribute to addressing Africa’s development challenges and fostering sustainable innovation. Methodology: A PRISMA-guided Systematic Literature Review synthesized studies published between 2014 and 2025. The reviewed literature was analysed thematically to identify collaborative approaches, implementation challenges, and strategic directions for strengthening Open Knowledge initiatives. Results: Five interrelated themes emerged: foundational principles of OK, key actors, partnership mechanisms, implementation gaps and challenges, and strategies for strengthening practice. Multi-stakeholder partnerships involving governments, universities and research institutions, civil society organizations, and the private sector were found to enhance knowledge sharing, innovation, and equitable access to information. However, institutional fragmentation, inadequate infrastructure, and policy inconsistencies continue to hamper the scalability and sustainability of OK initiatives across Africa. Conclusion: Collaborative, multi-actor engagement is fundamental to developing inclusive, resilient, and innovation-driven knowledge ecosystems capable of advancing Africa’s sustainable development agenda. Implications: This review provides a structured synthesis of collaborative OK practices in Africa and offers evidence-based insights for strengthening partnerships, harmonizing policy frameworks, improving digital infrastructure, and enhancing institutional coordination. The findings inform policymakers, researchers, and development partners seeking to scale OK initiatives for sustainable development and innovation across the continent.